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Evidence of droughts in agriculture, economic and
            environmental implications




                                                                Attila Nagy
                                    * University of Debrecen, Department of Water and Environmental Management
                                  H-4032 Debrecen, Böszörményi út 138., Hungary; E-mail: attilanagy@agr.unideb.hu




GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
Drought

•A drought is an extended period of months or
years when a region notes a deficiency in its
water supply whether surface or underground
water.


 Impact on the ecosystem and agriculture of
            the affected region!!!!
Evidence of drought in agriculture
       •    Decrease in soil water content
       •    Decrease of ground water table level
       •    Yield decrease
       •    Quality decrease
       •    Food safety
       •    Increase in food price
       •    Increase in agricultural water use

                                                                            Agricultural water use in Global
                                                                                   term (1950-2000)



                                                                         In Hungary…

GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
The suggested priorities
       Drought management plan
       • Common risk treatment
       • Comprehensive water management (cross border activities)
       • Establish of water supply conditions, new water systems (Hungary)
       • Drought/flood induced migration .
       • Biomass production – to what extent it can increase water shortage
         and scarcity?
       • Role of alternative resources in the mitigation of water scarcity
              (treated wastewater, sea water desalination, etc.
       • close cooperation between agricultural and environmental sector
         with intention to find of what are true          possibilities for
         adaptation related to available water resources           balancing of
         consumption of water for agriculture
       • Drawing attention to the need to providing water supply during
         drought       periods at all potential risk areas.

GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
Enough or not, or too much is the water
                      content in soil?
       • It depends on:
              – Distribution of precipitation in space and time
              – The kind of cultivated plant (C4, C3, length of
                vegetation period..)
              – Static water demand: water demand of a plant in
                a vegetation period
              – Amount of avalible water content in soil in space
                and time
              – Critical soil water depletion

GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
Enough or not, or too much is the water
                          content?
      • How much is the available water content of
        the soil?
      • The key tool is the water balance
      • According to the goals of the size and time
        scale of the measurements and the approriae
        or ignorable components have to be
        determined.
      • Global water balance: P=ET
      • Water balance of my corn field???

GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
Water budget of Hungary

                                                Discharge of watercourse to Hungary
                                                             114 km3.y-1

                                   Precipitation                                Evaporation
                                      58   km3.a-1                               52 km3.a-1




                                            Discharge of watercourse from Hungary
                                                          120 km3.y-1


                                            58 km3 +114 km3 = 52 km3 + 120 km3




GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
Simplified water balance of a site
                                          Soil water content changes in time (ΔVt)

    ΔVt= Vp +Vi+ Vgw +Vs –(Vep +Vtr+ Vd+ Vr)
    Vp: precipitation
    Vi: irrigation
    Vgw: water from ground water by capillarity
    Vs: water coming from surface
    Vep: evaporation
    Vtr: transpiration
    Vd: drainage water
    Vr: runoff
    ΔVt: soil water content changes of a site



   The error or the uncertainty of the
   parameters affect the results!
                                                                                 www.esa.int

GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
Measurement conditions - hypothesis
 • Increasing the frequency of meteorological extremities
 • Changing amount of precipitation both spatially and in time
 • Increasing frequency of local, extremely intensive rainfall,
 • The reliability of the extrapolation or forecasting based on
   past hydrological time series
 • Drought in the beginning, is latent, hard to find the borders
   of it
 • Such measurement methods become more important which
   measures continuously or regularly with more and more
   better spatial and time resolution
 • Such strategic methods, in the case of certain conditions, is
   remote sensing
GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
What kind of measurement should be
                             made?
        • There are several equipments with various for
          measuring methods are available for detecting
          drought related parameters.
        • Some user doesn’t know or ignore the application
          reaquirement of these equipments.




GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
What kind of measurement should be
                             made?
       •    Problems with setting point measurements
       •    Which site is represented by the point measurement?
       •    How accurate the representation of the concern site?
       •    Where to put the sensor? – changing root zone, moving
            underground water table




GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
What kind of measurement should be
                             made?
       • Indirect water content measurement in soils?
              – Physical parameters of soils (pF, OM, grain size,
                soil structure)
       • Maps – regional scale
              – Agrotopographic maps (1:100000)
              – Soil watermanagement map
              – Soil water utilization map
              More detailed spatial data is needed -> remote
                sensing


GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
Visszatérési
                                            Remote sensing
      Return time
      Visszatérési idő


      Földi felbontás
      Spatial resolution                                                                     Space remote
                                                                                             sensing
      Spektrálisresolution
      Spectral felbontás



                                                                                                Photogrammetry
     Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
     (UAVs).


                                                                  Field spectroscopy – thermo camera




 Hyperspectral SWIR sensor
 Headwall Photonics

GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
MODIS
                              Space remote sensing
    250/500/1km pixel
    Daily return, 36 channel

              TERRA




                      AQUA




                                   NDVI

        http://modis-land.gsfc.nasa.gov/
GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
Primary Use               Band     Bandwidth1
                                                                     Primary Use     Band   Bandwidth1
Land/ Cloud/              1        620 - 670
Aerosols                                                             Surface/Cloud   20     3.660 - 3.840
                          2        841 - 876                         Temperature
Boundaries                                                                           21     3.929 - 3.989
Land/ Cloud/              3        459 - 479
                                                                                     22     3.929 - 3.989
Aerosols                  4        545 - 565
Properties                                                                           23     4.020 - 4.080
                          5        1230 - 1250
                                                                     Atmospheric     24     4.433 - 4.498
                          6        1628 - 1652
                                                                     Temperature
                          7        2105 - 2155                                       25     4.482 - 4.549

Ocean Color/              8        405 - 420                         Cirrus Clouds   26     1.360 - 1.390
Phytoplankton/            9        438 - 448                         Water Vapor
                                                                                     27     6.535 - 6.895
Biogeochemistry
                          10       483 - 493
                                                                                     28     7.175 - 7.475
                          11       526 - 536
                                                                     Cloud
                          12       546 - 556                                         29     8.400 - 8.700
                                                                     Properties
                          13       662 - 672                         Ozone           30     9.580 - 9.880
                          14       673 - 683
                                                                     Surface/Cloud   31     10.780 - 11.280
                          15       743 - 753                         Temperature
                                                                                     32     11.770 - 12.270
                          16       862 - 877

Atmospheric               17       890 - 920                         Cloud Top       33     13.185 - 13.485
Water Vapor                                                          Altitude
                          18       931 - 941                                         34     13.485 - 13.785

                          19       915 - 965                                         35     13.785 - 14.085

                                                                                     36     14.085 - 14.385


GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
MODIS test site - Nyírlugos




                                   Januar-December from to left by lines (2006)
GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
0,8
                     The time series of NDVI data sources (2001-2006, n=72)
          0,75
           0,7
          0,65
           0,6                                                                             Region of Nyírlúgos
   NDVI




          0,55
                                                                                           Lineáris (Region of
           0,5
                                                                                           Nyírlúgos)
          0,45
           0,4

                                                                                                  NIR  Re d
          0,35
           0,3
                                                                                        NDVI 
                 1   5   9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69
                                                                                                  NIR  Re d
                                                 Time (m)
                                                                    Mean 0.536; standard deviation: 0.136;
                                                                    maximum: 0.759; minimum: 0.316.
     Nyírlugos territorial matrix size: 10x10 km with 250 meter ground resolution
     Time frequency data: 16 days (mean of period), 6 years long duration

          - correctly evaluate potency of ecological biomass productivity.
          - Trend present a long term effect of biomass increase and decrease depend on
          mid and long term climatic and agro-ecological stresses.
          - crop yield forecasts and can serve as an early warning system for regions
          suffering from crop loss and food shortages

GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
Space remote sensing
   SMOS
   Measure microwave radiation emitted
   from Earth’s surface within the ‘L-
   band’, around a frequency of 1.4 GHz.

   This frequency provides the best
   sensitivity to variations of moisture in
   the soil and changes in the salinity of
   the ocean, coupled with minimal
   disturbance from weather, atmosphere
   and vegetation cover.

   69 small antennas, distributed over the
   three arms and central hub of the
   instrument detects the microwave
   radiation.

   Scanning width: 50 km with 2 days
   return
GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
SMOS
       • SMOS data will be available free of charge to
         scientific and non-commercial users. They will
         be made available through the ESA category-1
         procedure, either through dedicated
         Announcements of Opportunities or, for users
         who have not participated in the past
         Announcements, a registration service online
         at ESA's Principal Investigator Portal


GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
Airborne hyperspectral remote sensing
       • The “hyper” in hyperspectral means “over” as in “too
         many” and refers to the large number of measured
         wavelength bands.
       • Hyperspectral images are spectrally overdetermined,
         which means that they provide amply spectral
         information to identify and distinguish spectrally
         unique materials.




GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
AISA DUAL system



                                                                                          AISA DUAL




                                                                                             Gyro-stabilized
                                                           FODIS                GPS/INS unit platform for AISA sensors
GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
AISA Dual Sensor

                                                         VNIR (EAGLE)                                           SWIR (HAWK)
Sensors characteristics
Spectral range                                           400-970nm                                              970-2450nm
Spectral resolution                                      2.9nm                                                  8.5nm
Spectral binning options                                 none   2x                4×               8×           none
Spectral sampling                                        1.25   2.5               5 nm             10           6 nm
                                                         nm     nm                                 nm
Fore optics
#spatial pixels                                          320                      1024                          320
FOV                                                      24                       37,7                          24
IFOV                                                     0.075 degrees            0.075 degrees                 0.075 degrees
Swath with                                               0.65×altitude            0.65×altitude                 0.39×altitude
Electrical characteristics
Radiometric resolution                                   12 bits (CCD)                                          14 bits (MCT)
SNR                                                      350:1 (peak)                                           800:1 (peak)
Image rate                                               Up to 100images/s

                                                                     Ground resolution
    System
    specifications                         0.5 m                  1m                   2m                      5m
    Focal        FOV              Altitude      Swath     Altitude     Swath   Altitude     Swath   Altitude        Swath
                        o
    length (mm) (degrees )           (m)           (m)      (m)         (m)      (m)         (m)         (m)         (m)

        AISA Hawk
        30            18.2          500         160       1000         320      2000        640         5000*       1600
             *) Pressurized aircraft required
GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
AISA Operating Software: GALIGEO – Work flow

  AISA DUAL systems can be
     used in two operating
     modes:
  • full hyperspectral data
     acquisition
  • multispectral data
     acquisition
     at programmable
     wavebands




GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
Reflexion properties of soil, concerning
                  soil water content




GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
APPLIED NEAR FIELD NARROW AND CONTINOUS SINGlE BAND
                           FIELD SPECTROMETER




      Applied Field spectrometer:                                        The Analytical Spectral Devices
       GER 3700 325 -2500 nm;                                            FieldSpec Pro (Full Range) is a
      647 bandhe is a high
                                                                         single-beam field
      performance single-beam
      field spectroradiometer
                                                                         spectroradiometer measuring
      measuring over the visible                                         over the visible to short-wave
      to short-wave infrared                                             infrared wavelength range. With
      wavelength range                                                   a 0.35-2.5 µm spectral range
                                                                         and 10 nm spectral resolution,
GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
Critical factor for hyperspectral remote
                         sensing
       • The accurate preparation is very important (have to try
         to avoid the improvisation, because no reserve time to
         modify anything)
       • On the field also important: Sampling strategy (2-4% of
         the total scanned area), Special sensors,, RTK-GPS and
         relevant experts
       • Never enough the number field spectral reference point
         (minimum 1 / site or much more)
       • The highest risk factor - the weather
       • The main enemies: clouds and low light intensity (and
         bureaucracy )


GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
2012.09.22.
                                          Precipitation


                                                   Scale!
                                                                          Tornado hunter radar –Utah
  NOAA Meteorologic satelite                                              Pixel size ~ 150-200 m
  Pixel size 1.1X1.1km²




                                                 Calibration
                                                 Table
                                                 Small watersheds, cities
                                                 Regional watersheds

   Radar (on Earth) pixel size 2X2 km²
                                                                                Installed instrument forprecipitation
   Dombai, F.(2009)Radar-ismerteto.OMSZ
                                                                                intensity
GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
Drought sensitivity 2007,
      Evapotranspiration                                                                 Landsat TM- pixel 0,5 ha




                                                                                          Forrás: FÖMI,2007,




                                                                                       Hyperspectral data cube
                                                                                       with 298 channel 1m2 pixel,
                                                                                       Isaszeg




                                                                           DE-VM GMI
GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
Airborne
  hyperspectral                                                     Section 1
  vegetation                                                                    Siófok, 2008
  map                                                                           Spatial resolution
                                                                  Section 2     0,5 m


                                                     Section 3
       NDVI
       0.8


                                                               580 m




DE-VM GMI
hiperspektrális kamerája, 2008



GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
Near-ground - remote sensing
       Debrecen –Pallag Research orchard
       Biomass map (NDVI)




                                                         necrosis




GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
Runoff – sink
              circumstances




   More precise relief!




GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
LIDAR – Mobile - field laserscanner
                                                          Pontosság: 20m-ig, 0,2 mm




                        Accurracy: 4-8 pt/m2
                        0,2-0,5 m vertically




GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
Tisza river watershed – case study plan




GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
A Tisza-valley in Central Europe
                    Slovakia 9.8 %

                                                              Ukraine 8.1 %




         Hungary 29.4 %

                                                                                       Rate of average
                                                             Romania 46,2 %            annual runoff at
                                                                                     Szeged cross section
                                                                                          of Tisza :

                                                                                    Slovakia 22,6 %
                                                                                    Ukraina   23,3 %
    Serbia 6,5 %                                                                    Romania 49,8 %
                                                                                    Hungary 4,3 %

GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
Climate models: ECHAM 5 with REMO 5.7
                                             Climate scenario: A1B




GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
Climate models: ECHAM 5 with REMO 5.7
                                             Climate scenario: A1B




GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
70% of Hungarian
watermanagement problems
occur in Tisza valley (floods,
surplus water, drought)

Surplus water and drought
often occur in the same year or
even in the same vegetation
period!

ET>P salinization, high clay
content

 About 95% of the surface
waters originate from upstream
countries, thus Hungary is very
much dependent on the
actions that upstream countries
are taken – True for Tisza basin

GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
- Possible workpackages
       • WP1: Drought monitoring data integration – drought mapping (50000 €)
       • Goal is forecasting and damage detection, prediction
       • Integration of landuse, vegetation, meteorological and soil data
          – landuse (CORINE database, topographic map etc.)
          – Biomass production (MODIS, AISA DUAL)
          – Remote sensing data (SMOS, MODIS)
          – Soil data (agrotopographic map, soil water management properties,
             map of watermanagement of soils)
          – Hydrology (soil water table)
          – DEM
       • Outcomes:
       • Drought monitoring strategy
       • Sampling strategy of drought monitoring from soil and vegetation point of
         view
       • 3 Dymensional monitoring
GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
• WP2: Case study for
         Berettyó river (100000 €))
       • (Hungary – Romania),
         tributary river of Tisza.
       • Partner, University of
         Debrecen (Hungary),
         University of Oradea
         Romania
       • Surveying agroecological
         circumstances of cultivated
         plant species integrating
              – digital elevation
                modellins,
              – soil maps
              – Meteorological data
              – Remote sensing data on
                the vegetation and soil
                moisture
              – MEPAR – Agricultural
                Parcel Identification
                System



GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
• WP3: Best management adaptation to changed climate circumstances
  (50000€)
• Partners: University of Debrecen (Hungary), Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, -
  Serbia? University of Debrecen have relationship with University of Novy
  Sad
     – Application of WP1 and WP2 results
     – Strategy based on watersheds
     – Soil cultivation (no till, strip till, mulch cover), irrigation strategy,
       determination of sowing methods and parameters based on available water
       demand in soil and water demand of cultivated plant species of its vegetation
       period
•   Outcomes:
•   data quality management,
•   error propagation,
•   guidelines for different crops in adaptation
•   rain feed system
Summary
       • Results of remote sensing are appropriate for
         watermanagement applications
       • Lack of national drought – surplus water monitoring systems
         and its comprehensive hydrological and remote sensing
         concept
       • Lack of field calibration
       • Significant obstacle:
              –   Not appropriate user knowledge
              –   good infrastructure, but not sufficient collaboration
              –   non - utilized infrastructure
              –   not used (?) datasets
              –   Continuous and hardly understandable administrative reorganization
              –   Lack of money




GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
Evidence of Droughts in Agriculture by Attila Nagy, Debrecen University, Hungary

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Evidence of Droughts in Agriculture by Attila Nagy, Debrecen University, Hungary

  • 1. Evidence of droughts in agriculture, economic and environmental implications Attila Nagy * University of Debrecen, Department of Water and Environmental Management H-4032 Debrecen, Böszörményi út 138., Hungary; E-mail: attilanagy@agr.unideb.hu GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
  • 2. Drought •A drought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply whether surface or underground water. Impact on the ecosystem and agriculture of the affected region!!!!
  • 3. Evidence of drought in agriculture • Decrease in soil water content • Decrease of ground water table level • Yield decrease • Quality decrease • Food safety • Increase in food price • Increase in agricultural water use Agricultural water use in Global term (1950-2000) In Hungary… GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
  • 4. The suggested priorities Drought management plan • Common risk treatment • Comprehensive water management (cross border activities) • Establish of water supply conditions, new water systems (Hungary) • Drought/flood induced migration . • Biomass production – to what extent it can increase water shortage and scarcity? • Role of alternative resources in the mitigation of water scarcity (treated wastewater, sea water desalination, etc. • close cooperation between agricultural and environmental sector with intention to find of what are true possibilities for adaptation related to available water resources balancing of consumption of water for agriculture • Drawing attention to the need to providing water supply during drought periods at all potential risk areas. GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
  • 5. Enough or not, or too much is the water content in soil? • It depends on: – Distribution of precipitation in space and time – The kind of cultivated plant (C4, C3, length of vegetation period..) – Static water demand: water demand of a plant in a vegetation period – Amount of avalible water content in soil in space and time – Critical soil water depletion GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
  • 6. Enough or not, or too much is the water content? • How much is the available water content of the soil? • The key tool is the water balance • According to the goals of the size and time scale of the measurements and the approriae or ignorable components have to be determined. • Global water balance: P=ET • Water balance of my corn field??? GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
  • 7. Water budget of Hungary Discharge of watercourse to Hungary 114 km3.y-1 Precipitation Evaporation 58 km3.a-1 52 km3.a-1 Discharge of watercourse from Hungary 120 km3.y-1 58 km3 +114 km3 = 52 km3 + 120 km3 GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
  • 8. Simplified water balance of a site Soil water content changes in time (ΔVt) ΔVt= Vp +Vi+ Vgw +Vs –(Vep +Vtr+ Vd+ Vr) Vp: precipitation Vi: irrigation Vgw: water from ground water by capillarity Vs: water coming from surface Vep: evaporation Vtr: transpiration Vd: drainage water Vr: runoff ΔVt: soil water content changes of a site The error or the uncertainty of the parameters affect the results! www.esa.int GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
  • 9. Measurement conditions - hypothesis • Increasing the frequency of meteorological extremities • Changing amount of precipitation both spatially and in time • Increasing frequency of local, extremely intensive rainfall, • The reliability of the extrapolation or forecasting based on past hydrological time series • Drought in the beginning, is latent, hard to find the borders of it • Such measurement methods become more important which measures continuously or regularly with more and more better spatial and time resolution • Such strategic methods, in the case of certain conditions, is remote sensing GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
  • 10. What kind of measurement should be made? • There are several equipments with various for measuring methods are available for detecting drought related parameters. • Some user doesn’t know or ignore the application reaquirement of these equipments. GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
  • 11. What kind of measurement should be made? • Problems with setting point measurements • Which site is represented by the point measurement? • How accurate the representation of the concern site? • Where to put the sensor? – changing root zone, moving underground water table GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
  • 12. What kind of measurement should be made? • Indirect water content measurement in soils? – Physical parameters of soils (pF, OM, grain size, soil structure) • Maps – regional scale – Agrotopographic maps (1:100000) – Soil watermanagement map – Soil water utilization map More detailed spatial data is needed -> remote sensing GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
  • 13. Visszatérési Remote sensing Return time Visszatérési idő Földi felbontás Spatial resolution Space remote sensing Spektrálisresolution Spectral felbontás Photogrammetry Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Field spectroscopy – thermo camera Hyperspectral SWIR sensor Headwall Photonics GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
  • 14. MODIS Space remote sensing 250/500/1km pixel Daily return, 36 channel TERRA AQUA NDVI http://modis-land.gsfc.nasa.gov/ GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
  • 15. Primary Use Band Bandwidth1 Primary Use Band Bandwidth1 Land/ Cloud/ 1 620 - 670 Aerosols Surface/Cloud 20 3.660 - 3.840 2 841 - 876 Temperature Boundaries 21 3.929 - 3.989 Land/ Cloud/ 3 459 - 479 22 3.929 - 3.989 Aerosols 4 545 - 565 Properties 23 4.020 - 4.080 5 1230 - 1250 Atmospheric 24 4.433 - 4.498 6 1628 - 1652 Temperature 7 2105 - 2155 25 4.482 - 4.549 Ocean Color/ 8 405 - 420 Cirrus Clouds 26 1.360 - 1.390 Phytoplankton/ 9 438 - 448 Water Vapor 27 6.535 - 6.895 Biogeochemistry 10 483 - 493 28 7.175 - 7.475 11 526 - 536 Cloud 12 546 - 556 29 8.400 - 8.700 Properties 13 662 - 672 Ozone 30 9.580 - 9.880 14 673 - 683 Surface/Cloud 31 10.780 - 11.280 15 743 - 753 Temperature 32 11.770 - 12.270 16 862 - 877 Atmospheric 17 890 - 920 Cloud Top 33 13.185 - 13.485 Water Vapor Altitude 18 931 - 941 34 13.485 - 13.785 19 915 - 965 35 13.785 - 14.085 36 14.085 - 14.385 GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
  • 16. MODIS test site - Nyírlugos Januar-December from to left by lines (2006) GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
  • 17. 0,8 The time series of NDVI data sources (2001-2006, n=72) 0,75 0,7 0,65 0,6 Region of Nyírlúgos NDVI 0,55 Lineáris (Region of 0,5 Nyírlúgos) 0,45 0,4 NIR  Re d 0,35 0,3 NDVI  1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 NIR  Re d Time (m) Mean 0.536; standard deviation: 0.136; maximum: 0.759; minimum: 0.316. Nyírlugos territorial matrix size: 10x10 km with 250 meter ground resolution Time frequency data: 16 days (mean of period), 6 years long duration - correctly evaluate potency of ecological biomass productivity. - Trend present a long term effect of biomass increase and decrease depend on mid and long term climatic and agro-ecological stresses. - crop yield forecasts and can serve as an early warning system for regions suffering from crop loss and food shortages GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
  • 18. Space remote sensing SMOS Measure microwave radiation emitted from Earth’s surface within the ‘L- band’, around a frequency of 1.4 GHz. This frequency provides the best sensitivity to variations of moisture in the soil and changes in the salinity of the ocean, coupled with minimal disturbance from weather, atmosphere and vegetation cover. 69 small antennas, distributed over the three arms and central hub of the instrument detects the microwave radiation. Scanning width: 50 km with 2 days return GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
  • 19. SMOS • SMOS data will be available free of charge to scientific and non-commercial users. They will be made available through the ESA category-1 procedure, either through dedicated Announcements of Opportunities or, for users who have not participated in the past Announcements, a registration service online at ESA's Principal Investigator Portal GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
  • 20. Airborne hyperspectral remote sensing • The “hyper” in hyperspectral means “over” as in “too many” and refers to the large number of measured wavelength bands. • Hyperspectral images are spectrally overdetermined, which means that they provide amply spectral information to identify and distinguish spectrally unique materials. GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
  • 21. AISA DUAL system AISA DUAL Gyro-stabilized FODIS GPS/INS unit platform for AISA sensors GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
  • 22. AISA Dual Sensor VNIR (EAGLE) SWIR (HAWK) Sensors characteristics Spectral range 400-970nm 970-2450nm Spectral resolution 2.9nm 8.5nm Spectral binning options none 2x 4× 8× none Spectral sampling 1.25 2.5 5 nm 10 6 nm nm nm nm Fore optics #spatial pixels 320 1024 320 FOV 24 37,7 24 IFOV 0.075 degrees 0.075 degrees 0.075 degrees Swath with 0.65×altitude 0.65×altitude 0.39×altitude Electrical characteristics Radiometric resolution 12 bits (CCD) 14 bits (MCT) SNR 350:1 (peak) 800:1 (peak) Image rate Up to 100images/s Ground resolution System specifications 0.5 m 1m 2m 5m Focal FOV Altitude Swath Altitude Swath Altitude Swath Altitude Swath o length (mm) (degrees ) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) AISA Hawk 30 18.2 500 160 1000 320 2000 640 5000* 1600 *) Pressurized aircraft required GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
  • 23. AISA Operating Software: GALIGEO – Work flow AISA DUAL systems can be used in two operating modes: • full hyperspectral data acquisition • multispectral data acquisition at programmable wavebands GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
  • 24. Reflexion properties of soil, concerning soil water content GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
  • 25. APPLIED NEAR FIELD NARROW AND CONTINOUS SINGlE BAND FIELD SPECTROMETER Applied Field spectrometer: The Analytical Spectral Devices GER 3700 325 -2500 nm; FieldSpec Pro (Full Range) is a 647 bandhe is a high single-beam field performance single-beam field spectroradiometer spectroradiometer measuring measuring over the visible over the visible to short-wave to short-wave infrared infrared wavelength range. With wavelength range a 0.35-2.5 µm spectral range and 10 nm spectral resolution, GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
  • 26. Critical factor for hyperspectral remote sensing • The accurate preparation is very important (have to try to avoid the improvisation, because no reserve time to modify anything) • On the field also important: Sampling strategy (2-4% of the total scanned area), Special sensors,, RTK-GPS and relevant experts • Never enough the number field spectral reference point (minimum 1 / site or much more) • The highest risk factor - the weather • The main enemies: clouds and low light intensity (and bureaucracy ) GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
  • 27. 2012.09.22. Precipitation Scale! Tornado hunter radar –Utah NOAA Meteorologic satelite Pixel size ~ 150-200 m Pixel size 1.1X1.1km² Calibration Table Small watersheds, cities Regional watersheds Radar (on Earth) pixel size 2X2 km² Installed instrument forprecipitation Dombai, F.(2009)Radar-ismerteto.OMSZ intensity GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
  • 28. Drought sensitivity 2007, Evapotranspiration Landsat TM- pixel 0,5 ha Forrás: FÖMI,2007, Hyperspectral data cube with 298 channel 1m2 pixel, Isaszeg DE-VM GMI GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
  • 29. Airborne hyperspectral Section 1 vegetation Siófok, 2008 map Spatial resolution Section 2 0,5 m Section 3 NDVI 0.8 580 m DE-VM GMI hiperspektrális kamerája, 2008 GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
  • 30. Near-ground - remote sensing Debrecen –Pallag Research orchard Biomass map (NDVI) necrosis GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
  • 31. Runoff – sink circumstances More precise relief! GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
  • 32. LIDAR – Mobile - field laserscanner Pontosság: 20m-ig, 0,2 mm Accurracy: 4-8 pt/m2 0,2-0,5 m vertically GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
  • 33. Tisza river watershed – case study plan GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
  • 34. A Tisza-valley in Central Europe Slovakia 9.8 % Ukraine 8.1 % Hungary 29.4 % Rate of average Romania 46,2 % annual runoff at Szeged cross section of Tisza : Slovakia 22,6 % Ukraina 23,3 % Serbia 6,5 % Romania 49,8 % Hungary 4,3 % GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
  • 35. Climate models: ECHAM 5 with REMO 5.7 Climate scenario: A1B GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
  • 36. Climate models: ECHAM 5 with REMO 5.7 Climate scenario: A1B GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
  • 37. 70% of Hungarian watermanagement problems occur in Tisza valley (floods, surplus water, drought) Surplus water and drought often occur in the same year or even in the same vegetation period! ET>P salinization, high clay content About 95% of the surface waters originate from upstream countries, thus Hungary is very much dependent on the actions that upstream countries are taken – True for Tisza basin GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
  • 38. - Possible workpackages • WP1: Drought monitoring data integration – drought mapping (50000 €) • Goal is forecasting and damage detection, prediction • Integration of landuse, vegetation, meteorological and soil data – landuse (CORINE database, topographic map etc.) – Biomass production (MODIS, AISA DUAL) – Remote sensing data (SMOS, MODIS) – Soil data (agrotopographic map, soil water management properties, map of watermanagement of soils) – Hydrology (soil water table) – DEM • Outcomes: • Drought monitoring strategy • Sampling strategy of drought monitoring from soil and vegetation point of view • 3 Dymensional monitoring GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
  • 39. • WP2: Case study for Berettyó river (100000 €)) • (Hungary – Romania), tributary river of Tisza. • Partner, University of Debrecen (Hungary), University of Oradea Romania • Surveying agroecological circumstances of cultivated plant species integrating – digital elevation modellins, – soil maps – Meteorological data – Remote sensing data on the vegetation and soil moisture – MEPAR – Agricultural Parcel Identification System GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012
  • 40. • WP3: Best management adaptation to changed climate circumstances (50000€) • Partners: University of Debrecen (Hungary), Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, - Serbia? University of Debrecen have relationship with University of Novy Sad – Application of WP1 and WP2 results – Strategy based on watersheds – Soil cultivation (no till, strip till, mulch cover), irrigation strategy, determination of sowing methods and parameters based on available water demand in soil and water demand of cultivated plant species of its vegetation period • Outcomes: • data quality management, • error propagation, • guidelines for different crops in adaptation • rain feed system
  • 41. Summary • Results of remote sensing are appropriate for watermanagement applications • Lack of national drought – surplus water monitoring systems and its comprehensive hydrological and remote sensing concept • Lack of field calibration • Significant obstacle: – Not appropriate user knowledge – good infrastructure, but not sufficient collaboration – non - utilized infrastructure – not used (?) datasets – Continuous and hardly understandable administrative reorganization – Lack of money GWP Regional Workshop on Integrated Drought Management Bratislava 5-6/10/2012